Calcarenite : limestone composed predominantly of clastic sand-size grains of calcite, or rarely aragonite, usually as fragments of shells or other skeletal structures. Some calcarenite contain oolites (small, spherical grains of calcium carbonate that resemble roe) and may be termed oolite limestone. Calcareous sandstone, in which the calcium carbonate is present chiefly as bonding material, are not included in this category.
Calcite limestone : a limestone containing not more than five per cent of magnesium carbonate.
Calcite streaks : description of a white or milky-like streak occurring in stone. It is a joint plane usually wider than a glass seam and has been re-cemented by deposition of calcite in the crack and is structurally sound.
Canopy : a sheltering roof, as over a niche or a doorway.
Capital : the culminating stone at the top of a column or pilaster often richly carved.
Carve : shaping, by cutting a design to form the trade of a sculptor.
Caulking : making a marble joint tight or leak-proof by sealing with an elastic adhesive compound.
Cavity vent : an opening in joints of masonry to allow the passage of air and moisture from the wall cavity to the exterior.
Cement putty : a thick, creamy mixture made with pure cement and water which is used to strengthen the bond between the store and the setting bed, also called cement butter cement cream.
Chamfer : to bevel the junction of an exterior angle.
Chat-sawn finish : a rough gangsaw finish produced by sawing with coarse chat.
Cladding : non-loadbearing stone used as the facing material in wall construction that contains other materials.
Cleavage : the ability of a rock mass to break along natural surfaces; a surface of natural parting.
Cleavage plane : plane or planes along which a stone may likely break or de-laminate.
Coating : a protective or decorative converting applied to the surface or impregnated into stone for such purposes as waterproofing enhancing resistance to weathering, wear, and chemical action, or improving appearance of the stone.
Cobblestone : a natural rounded stone, large enough for use in paving; commonly used to describe paving blocks, usually granite, generally cut to rectangular shapes.
Commercial marble : a crystalline rock composed predominantly of calcite dolomite and/or serpentine, and capable of taking a polish.
Composite : a construction unit in which stone that is to be exposed in the final use is permanently bonded or joined to other material, which may be stone or manufactured material, that will be concealed.
Contraction joint : spaces where panels are joined and which expand as the panels contract.
Control joint : provision for the dimensional change of different parts of a structure due to shrinkage, expansion, temperature variation or other causes so as to avoid the development of high stresses.
Coping : a flat stone used as a cap on freestanding walls.
Coquina : limestone composed predominantly of unaltered shells or fragments of shells loosely cemented by calcite, generally very coarse-textured with a high porosity. The term has been applied principally to a very porous shell rock of Eocene age that has been quarried in Florida.
Corbel plates : plates of non-ferrous metal fixed into a structure to support stone cladding at intervals and over opening in such a way as not to be visible.
Cornerstone : a stone forming a part of a corner or angle in a wall. Also a stone laid at the formal inauguration of the erection of a building, not necessarily at a corner, usually incorporating a date or inscription.
Cornice : a moulded projecting stone at the top of an entablature.
Course : a horizontal range of stone units the length of the wall.
Coursed veneer : this is achieved by using stones of the same or approximately the same height. Horizontal joints run the entire length of the veneered area. Vertical joins are constantly broken so that no two joints will be over one another.
Crack : a break, split, fracture, fissure, separation, cleavage or elongated narrow opening, however caused, visible without magnification to the human eye and extending from the surface into the stone, that must extend through the grain or matrix.
Cross bedding : the arrangement of laminations of strata transverse or oblique to the main planes of stratification.
Crowfoot (styoite) : description of a dark grey to black zigzag marking occurring in stone. Usually structurally sound.
Crystalline limestone : a limestone, either calcitic or dolomitic, composed of interlocking crystalline grains of the constituent minerals and of phaneritic texture; commonly used synonymously with marble an thus representing a re-crystallised limestone; improperly applied to limestone that display some obviously crystalline grains in a fine-grained mass but which are not of interlocking texture and do not compose the entire mass. Note: All limestone are microscopically, or in part megascopically, crystalline; the term is thus confusing but should be restricted to stones that are completely crystalline and of megascopic and interlocking texture and that may be classed as marbles.)
Curbing : slabs and blocks of stone bordering streets, walks, etc.
Cut stone : stone fabricated to specific dimensions
Cutting stock : a term used to describe slabs of varying size, finish and thickness which are used in fabricating tread, risers, copings, borders, sills, stools, hearths, mantels, and other special purpose stones.
Source:inspectstone.com